- cross-posted to:
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- cross-posted to:
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I love this topic, keep the comments going! It gets even wilder/weirder when reading historical German monastary documents from the early modern period that sometimes mixed German numerical grammar with latin letters and abbreviations. For example this was a common way to write prices in the early 17th century in my region of study:
xiv C Lviұ f xxv bb iy d
All of this was in early modern German Kurrent (old cursive), of course, and with not always obvious whitespaces inbetween. The letters v and x looked somewhat similar, too, and you better don’t miss the small strikethroughs anywhere in the lower or upper end of a letter which indicated “minus half” (except for the letter capital C which always has it). This is the kind of fun that brings me joy during my day while simultaneously providing the content for nightmares at night.
For some closure:
The short example would read as: (10+(5-1))*100 + 50+((5+3)-0.5) florin, 10+10+5 batzen, and 1+1+1 denari.
And that would translate to a price of 1457 ½ florin (guilders), 25 batzen (silver coin) and 3 denari (pennies).Am I correct in thinking that this would be a relatively enormous amount of money for a normal person in that time?
It’s a pretty enormous amount of money now. I was thinking that a gold coin was 1oz which would have been an insane amount of money but some research has told me that guilder can refer to several different coins that are between .08oz and .11oz of gold mixed with other precious metals. Ignoring the other precious metals and assuming the lowest gold content 1457.5 guilders is a bit over 116 oz of gold. Gold is approx. $1900/oz so in gold alone that is over $220,000.
Yes, absolutely! My work is related to monasteries. Some of these institutions were large economical organisations with hundreds or thousands of affiliated workers (in addition to the few dozens of actual clergy) stretching hundreds of villages/cities. Monastaries basically were the major corporations of the time. They did handle these amounts of money regularly.
Historical purchasing power for anything before the industrial revolution is hard to approximate. On the one hand because wages were not only payed in money, on the other hand because labor was very cheap and material cost was high - the inverse of today. To illustrate: They did lots of recycling work that would seem fanatical to us today, e.g. straightening old nails, reusing stones and wood from deconstructions, or even excavating and resharpening rotten fenceposts. To add some general and very rough perspective: An unskilled worker/day-worker could expect a yearly wage in the order of magnitude of about 5 fl (guilders) per year for very hard work and long working hours for 6 or 7 days a week (payed daily in non-face-value coins like pennies). However, it was common for wages to include living accomodation and/or food staples (that included wine or beer) - or pay out the worth of these things, separately. A pair of shoes was a valued gift one could give to an unskilled worker on special occasions.
It was a different time with different societal and economical systems in place. Estimated simplifications you might read online (e.g. 1 fl = 50€) are therefor to be taken with a buttload of salt - to the point one might call it a misrepresentation. Then there were the multiple events with increased silver and gold imports from the new world (combined with some greedy/desperate lords reducing the silver share of their coins). This led to multiple changes in the exchange rates between various regional gold, silver and non-face-value coins of the same names, complicating thing even more.
To solve these issues, the prices I named above would be in fictional coins of account, not actual physical coins that were payed. People had to do quite some math when doing accounting - and yes, minor errors happened all the time.
This sounds fascinating. I was always fascinated how complicated life could be in days past. Like how we take decimalization for granted today or the cheap conversion of money and the enormous availability of modern currency (i.e. Paper money and coins).
I once read about coin shortages and how that could impact an entire region. Fascinating stuff.
Do you happen to have book recommendations on the topic of coins or economic history of Europe (or even more specifically the German speaking area)?
If you happen to speak German I’d recommend “Das Geld der Deutschen” by Bernd Sprenger for an overview as he touches a lot of eras and different subtopics, starting from antiquity and ending with the Euro. Alternatively, “Kleine Geschichte des Geldes” by Michael North is another popular (and a little newer) survey book that I enjoyed. The most insightful parts for me were the in-depth explanations of the concept of bill of exchanges and cashless payments in general during the early modern period.
Since my focus is on monastaries and money is only one aspect, I did not research this sub topic comprehensively, even if it interests me personally - hence I conveniently didn’t search much further than mostly German literature. I just checked: The only “English book” on the topic from my bibliography is the conference proceedings “Münzprägung, Geldumlauf und Wechselkurse” / “Minting, Monetary Circulation and Exchange Rates” (Trier Historische Forschungen, volume 7) from 1984. It is a little older but was still worthwhile to me, quite recently. Despite the name it only includes a few German but mostly English essays. They are not limited geographically to the German lands. As a small word of caution: Some of the essays are rather theoretical by nature, so this might not be the very best entry point if you want an overview, or you could simply skip these essays.
I do not love to recommend it here, but asking the English collegues on reddit via /r/AskHistorians might give you a much better answer if you’re looking for good entry-level English literature on the topic. They also provide a list of recommended books that features a small “Political and Economic History” section. They included a book by Joseph Gies and Frances Gies that looks quite promising (but focuses on the time 1000-1500). Other than that I cannot find anything particularly relevant in that list. Asking over there might be worthwhile, though.
I am actually German so thank you for all the recommendations! I will check out some of the books (even though I know it will take me some time to get to them. I have a rather long reading list, but I will check them out!)
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11 should be pronounced onty-one
But – how would you express eleventy and half a dozen then?
No, but 17, 18, and 19 should be ten-seven, ten-eight, and ten-nine.
10-4 good buddy
I’ll see you at twenty past nine
NL: oh you mean 10 before the half of 10
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4*20+12
Four score and twelve
Quatre vingt douze
It’s a quatre vingt doozy!
That it is mon frère!
Actually in Estonian it’s üheksakümmend kaks. The first being a compound word of nine(üheksa) and ten(kümme) while kaks is just two. So it would be 9+10+2.
That’s exactly how it’s done in English: ninety means 9*10, then you add two. The wrong language in the picture is Russian. Because the Russian word for ninety is an exception and doesn’t follow the same rule as 80, 70, etc.
Well, no, in english ninety means 90. You don’t say nine-ten. Most probably it started off as nine-ten, but by now it is it’s own distict sound as someone else under this post commented.
Ninety is a shortening of “nine ten”. Eighty is a shortening of eight ten. Etc. All English numbers follow the same rule. Russian words don’t follow such rule. Similar shortenings are only for 50, 60, 70 and 80. 20 and 30 are also shortenings in a similar fashion, but slightly different. But words for 40 and 90 are just completely random and don’t follow any rules. The Russian 90 is actually a shortening of “nine hundred”. Just like 900 which sounds similar, lol.
The wrong language in the picture is Russian. Because the Russian word for ninety is an exception and doesn’t follow the same rule as 80, 70, etc.
You are neither wrong nor right here. Yes the Russian word for 90 does not follow the rule as with 80, 70 and so on. It still is a specific word for 90, it just doesn’t follow the same rule as with previous ones. So when saying 92, you still pronounce 90+2.
It is a whole messed up thing with numbers in Russian as there are multiple exceptions, another one being for 500, it just does not follow the same rule.
Wouldn’t that be more like “nine 10s plus two”?
Yes, it seems like 9×10+2
So what is going on in Walloon and Swiss French? Is it just the Parisian dialect that is messed up?
Quebec is also messed up, unfortunately.
Swiss French are reasonable people, they’re using 90+2.
What’s the Swiss French word for 90?
Edit nevermind it’s further down the thread. Septante, huitante, and nonante.
Something rotten…
Seriously, have trouble enough with numbers anyhow. The French system is far more than my little brain can compute, so I pretend to have learned the language from Belgians.
But who knows, maybe the Danish system would have tipped my infant brain into having a better grasp of some concepts?
I don’t want to be that guy, but In Belgium they speak Flemish (a variant of Dutch) in the North, or French in the South. Which one is it?
Francophone Belgium is mostly in the south east - it is shaded green on the map & the Flemish area is the yellow bit above.
What are you even talking about? You aren’t responding to the OP in any meaningful capacity.
Also in parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia it’s 9,10, 2. Ie the 10 is seperate from the 9 (ovcci logi guokta).
Japan does it the same way. Ku-juu-ni.
As in Sámi?
Yes
What’s going on in Denmark?
You better have your operations in order!
We play on Hardcore mode.
It’s base 20 like in France, plus the quirk that we have an ordinal numeral way of saying half integers, i.e. 1.5 is “half second”, 2.5 is “half third”, 4.5 is “half fifth”. So 92 is said as “two and half fifth times twenty”. We’ve since made the “times twenty” implicit for maximum confusion, so it’s just said as “two and half fifths”.
Also, the ordinal numeral system for halves is only really used for 1.5 these days, so the numbers don’t really make sense to anyone. When speaking to other Scandinavians, we often just say “nine ten two”.
Why don’t we just change it to the more sensible system then? Because language is stubborn.
I have to admit, as a French myself I found relief in that discovery. And thank you very much for the explanation.
I was confused by the “2 and” at first, then I realize you put the smallest part of the whole number first. It makes perfectly sense if you count in base 20.
We also have an habit to count in base 12 and half 12 in France. Like “half a dozen” (6) or “one dozen and half” (18), but only for multiple of 6.
I will now say “quatre vingtaine et demie” instead of “quatre-vingt-dix” just to tease my fellow Belgians (who say “nonante” and “septante” instead of “soixante-dix” et “quatre-vingt-dix”)
EDIT: As a matter of fact, I will rather say “trois et demi-cinquième vingt” for 73 because it sounds better. Now I see it.
If I am correct, the 3rd 20 is everything between 60 and 79. The half-3rd 20 is everything between 70 and 79. So 7 and half-2nd 20 would be 37?
How would you say 40, 60 and 80 then ? 2nd 20, 3rd 20 and 4th 20?
The weird numbers only start at 50.
60: tre sinde tyve ( three times twenty).
80: fire sinde tyve ( four times twenty)
I like our weird numbers tho 🥰
They’re lovely, aren’t they?😀
30 (tredive) you cited seems to be the exception, as it’s not “halbtots” or something.
Indeed, fyrre (40) is also clearly related to four (or fourth), it only kicks in at 50.
You can recognize the numbers where this system is in place by the ‘s’ at the end, which is a remnant of the “-sindstyve” ending meaning “times twenty”.
If it worked for 30 and 40 they would be “halvandens” and “andens”.
1.5 is “half second”, 2.5 is “half third”, 4.5 is “half fifth”
Interesting.
Regionally, someGermans measure time like this, i.e. “half two” is 01:30 resp. 13:30. (Which is different from English, where people who say “half two” mean “half past two”.)We’ve since made the “times twenty” implicit for maximum confusion, so it’s just said as “two and half fifths”.
I know very little about Danish, but I learned that Danes slur the middle of most words. So I suspect you actually pronounce even less of the word than you’d write…?
Because language is stubborn.
Belgian French gives me hope.
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[Edited: Usage is not regional]
When we say “half two” we also mean 13:30. It’s a pain when in Britain.
And yeah, I guess in pronouncing you’d say 92 as “to’å’l’fems” rather than “to-og-halv-fems”.
I’ve run into Americans for whom “half two” means 13:30. I like it but it confuses everyone.
It’s pronounced “toh-år-hal-fems”.
That’s 3 syllables, because the first two are glissando, but even the most rural person needs some consonants between the rest to make any sense.
Regionally, some Germans measure time like this, i.e. “half two” is 01:30 resp. 13:30.
This isn’t regional nor “some”, I never met a German wo doesn’t. Sure, there is “13 o’clock 30” and both are valid but I’d say the default is still the half system.
When it comes to quarters, there are regional differences and it’s a common “ice breaker” or small talk topic when people from all over Germany come together.
I am dumb. I confused this with dreiviertel vs. Viertel vor.
Even then there’s a pretty clear difference.
Good comparison here https://www.giga.de/ratgeber/specials/dreiviertel-10-viertel-12-wie-spaet-ist-es-wirklich/
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And yall give us shit about using imperial measurements
For what it’s worth, the US doesn’t use imperial anymore. It’s “US Customary Units”. It’s mostly a mix of metric and units based on metric. The US uses volts, amps, watts, and seconds which are metric. The inch, by definition, is 25.4mm. I’m not sure how the US gallon (less volume than the Imperial gallon) is defined. Food content is given in calories and grams.
I’m also not sure how temperature is defined. Originally, temperature units were set so that fresh water boiled exactly 180 degrees above it’s freezing temperature. To avoid negative numbers, zero Fahrenheit was set to the freezing temperature of sea ice.
US doesn’t use imperial anymore.
They never did to begin with. US customary units descend from older English customary units. During the 19th century the British government redefined some things in some weights and measures acts and that was called the Imperial system because of the British Empire. US never used Imperial as they were happy doing their own independent shit.
US customary and Imperial units differed a bit until the 20th century. In the 30s there was an ‘industrial’ inch agreed upon, the 25.4mm as you said, but weights still differed. In the 50s there was a conference where the US, UK and some commonwealth countries agreed upon a standardised international yard and pound, the international yard being 0.9144 meters and the international pound 0.45359237 kilograms, defined in metric as you said. Liquid measures were not standardised for some reason so US and Imperial gallons still differ.
The formal definition of Fahrenheit is based on Kelvin these days.
So the Danish can do this bullshit with everyday numbers and it’s cool because language , but I mention that it’s 70 degrees outside and everyone starts arguing about metric?
Everything is arbitrary, I’m gonna go build a dresser in multiples of rabbit foot while you all figure something out.
Temperature in fahrenheit is just as arbitrary as celsius. Fahrenheit makes sense from the perspective of human experience while celsius is very relevant to water. It’s really handy if you live in a area with snowy winters. Celsius is standard all around the world, while Fahrenheit is used in a handful of places.
When we talk with other people in fx English we use their numbering system, and not our own
Danish people are environmentally damaged by the flatness of their country and the rest of Scandinavia pitty them. We will take care of this. We will teach them how to speak. Soonish.
I’ve always found the Danish numbers intriguing. I understand the whole “halvfem-sinds-tyve”- thing and the other ones of similar origin but I can’t wrap my head around “elleve” and “tolv”. Do you remember the origin of those?
You can thank Proto-Germanic for that.
Not really, but they’re essentially the same as the German “elf” and “zwölf”, so we probably got them from the same place as them ;)
Wiktionary suggests the common proto-Germanic root of eleven/twelve, elf/zwölf are likely to have been “ainalif” and “twalif” - “one left over” and “two left over”.
It’s literally the same in English as well, eleven and twelve are clearly related.
Now imagine moving there as a foreigner from a normal country and someone telling you their phone number! It’s like having a micro stroke.
When you need a math degree for basic communication
🤣🤣
And to confuse even further, the cardinal number (ninety-two) is “to-og-halv-fems” in Danish without the *20. But if you need the ordinal number (92nd), then we add in the x20 as in “to-og-halv-fem-sinds-tyvende”. Danish is very easy and transparent 😊
# 🇩🇰 1 en 2 to 3 tre 4 fire 5 fem 6 seks 7 syv 8 otte 9 ni 10 ti 11 elleve 12 tolv 13 tretten 14 fjorten 15 femten 16 seksten 17 sytten 18 atten 19 nitten 20 tyve 21 enogtyve 22 toogtyve 30 tredive 40 fyrre 50 halvtreds 60 tres (threes) 70 halvfjerds (½fourths) 80 firs (fours) 90 halvfems (½fifths) 92 tooghalvfems (twoand½fifths) 100 hundred In Czech, we say „čtvrt na osm“ (quarter to eight), „půl osmé“ (half of eighth) and „tři čtvrtě na osm“ (¾ to eight) to mean
19:15
,19:30
and19:45
, respectively, so I kinda get it.
Similarly, in German, 🕢=„halb acht“.TIL that it not French with the weirdest way to count. I still don’t really get the Danish way. Even with your explanation.
It’s not really an explanation, just a table where I leave the linguistically inclined to figure it out. The point is, the “s” at the end is short for “×20” and “half fifth” is short for ●●●●◖ = 4½ (four and half of the fifth).
Thanks. Do you know the history of that?
Maybe the Danish don’t just count with their fingers to 10, but include their toes… So 10 fingers + 10 toes = 20?
"Four score and seven years ago" from the Gettysburg Address… Many languages have or had words for counting in 20’s. They’ve just mostly gone out of fashion.
Thats pretty common in terms of time. I’m not going to say something is “half five” to say it coststwo and a half dollars though. I understand that with French and Danish you arent actually doing the math and just think of that string the same way i think of “ninety two” but it’s still difficult to wrap my head around.
Just to make something clear, in this system, which isn’t really used, half five would be 4.5, not 2.5.
Funny enough, I grew up saying “quarter of eight” to mean 19:45. It took until my mid-20s to realize its probably a regional thing because, after I left Philadelphia (my home city) and moved to Chicago, everyone thought I meant 20:15.
Mmm, American using 24h time. I know nothing else about you but this gets you +0.5 on an attractiveness scale.
Oh! In New England “quarter of” is 15 minutes before the hour (19:45) and “quarter after” is 15 minutes after the hour (20:15). That might explain why my colleagues in Alabama were surprised when I left a meeting at 9:45 when I had clearly warned them I had a hard stop at quarter of ten!
Interesting distinction none of us picked up on!
We also do this in germany
Ja, ich spreche auch ziemlich gut Deutsch. Ich würde aber lieber die Angelsächser mit meiner Fähigkeit „čtvrt“ (tschtwrt) zu aussprechen beeindrucken.
Username checks ou… oh sorry, I forgot where I am, for a moment.
*czechs
Yeah, this is why I chose it – it represents me well. And not only is feddit.de the fastest Lemmy server for me, I spend lots of time with the Germans because Czechs are fine with Reddit and czech-lemmy.eu is empty.
Now I followed your link and was overwhelmed by my intuitive understanding of the subtleties of the Czech language … even better than reading Dutch … until I noticed the “translate” in the URL :'-(.
Haha sehr gut ;)
Crack.
You missed the traditional Celtic systems.
Welsh should be both 9 x 10 + 2 and 2 + 10 + 4 * 20.
And Irish – I didn’t get it, they seem to have a modern 9 x 10 + 2 system, an old vigesimal and one for age?
Nobody ever remembers Welsh on these charts.
Are all German numbers like that?
Yes, Germans say numbers like that. (It only applies to the tens tho)
Roughly translated you’d say two-and-ninety (without the minus, I just made those so it doesn’t look that cursed)
It’s mainly because at least in German it flows better than ninety two would. There have been pushes to accept ninety two as well but acceptance has been and continues to be scarce.
Man I’d love for that to catch on, mostly so it’s easier to learn. Kids get confused by the order all the time. It’s even shorter in some cases.
Also, the reverse order makes dictating phone numbers such a pain.
My kids grow up with multiple languages. I told my daughter early on not to bother with German numbers larger than 20, and to select a different language to do math in her head.
For a few years she was just saying larger German numbers like 9-2, or was writing them down, though now at 7 she seems to get better at converting them correctly.
Definitely. Up until now I always dictate phone numbers with digits as pairs: like “neun, zwei” instead of “zweiundneunzig”
(It only applies to the tens tho)
Tens, but also ten-thousands, ten-millions, ten-billions … you get the gist.
Yes, and it’s so annoying. I’m Austrian, a bit dyslexic, and sometime I just can’t sevenandeighty sixandseventy.
Of course, why would 92 be an exception? (Only numbers with a thousand-group ending in 21-99 do that, though)
See French going nuts for 92.
What I mean is they also follow their own weird rules, 92 uses the same system as 91 or 93.
Only 21-99, after that you say the hundred (thousand, million, etc.) first.
some (very few, i think it’s only the “teens”) english numbers are like that, like seventeen (7+10) for example
Kind of. Those are distinct names rather than seven+ten. It took a long time until I even made that connection that teen probably came from ten.
🇬🇧 ninety
🇫🇷 quatre-vingts-dix
🇩🇰 HALVFEMSCzechia should also be a combination of both 90+2 and 2+90
Ahoj! We’re like ⅞ „devadesát dva“ and ⅛ „dvaadevadesát“. Some numbers have it higher (25 is closest to ½/½) but we use inverse reading quite rarely overall.
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Point is it is used and understood :)